In this research, we have studied the squeezing and statistical properties of the cavity light beams produced by a dynamics of non-degenerate three-level laser in a closed cavity and coupled with a two-mode vacuum reservoir for single atom via a singleport mirror. We have carried out our analysis by putting the noise operators associated with the vacuum reservoir in normal order. Applying the solutions of the equations of evolution for the expectation values of the atomic operators and the quantum Langevin equations for the cavity mode operators, we have calculated the global and local mean and variance of the photon number as well as the quadrature squeezing of the cavity light single-mode and two-modes.Furthermore we determined the photon entanglement as well as the atom-cavity entanglement. It is found to be the maximum quadrature squeezing for the values of stimulated emission decay constant(i.e γc = 0.4 and 0.2 ). The maximum quadrature squeezing is found to be 43.43% below the vacuum-state level. Moreover we have found that both the mean photon number for a two-mode laser light beam is the sum of the mean photon numbers and the single-mode light beams. On the other hand, the quadrature squeezing is due to the correlation of the two light beams. In view of this correlations the two mode cavity light is entangled. The degree of entanglement increases with the increase in stimulated emission decay constant.

Abstract

This study was conducted on woody species diversity and above ground live carbon storage in different categories of Hunase natural forest of Gibbe Woreda, Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia. The objectives of this study were: (1) to assess woody species richness and diversity; (2) to determine carbon storage and sequestration potential from a woody species biomass; (3) determine the variation of different categories of natural forest in carbon storage. Three transects were laid at a distance of 200m from each other. The transects encompass disturbed, semi-disturbed and undisturbed categories of the forest based on the degree of human disturbance and species composition respectively. Twelve plots of size 100m × 100m were systematical laid at 25m elevation interval along each transect lines (total = 36 plots). For all woody species diversity and carbon storage the DBH>10cm were measured and recorded for all data analysis. Overall, 38 species of woody species belong to 36 genera and 27 families were collected and documented. Each sample specimen were identified using botanical keys of published Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Shannon-Weiner index and Sorensen Similarity index were used to measure species diversity and to compare species composition of each categories respectively and 2.75, 2.388, 2.14 diversity index value was calculated for undisturbed, semi-disurbed and disturbed categories respectively. The basal area of individual woody species was obtained by multiplying π with (DBH/2) 2 and aboveground live biomass of each species was determined by using the revised non-destructive allometric equation, carbon storage of each woody species was obtained as 50% of AGB and sequestration potential were also obtained from a stored carbon in the biomass.. In this study, 0.17t AGC/ha, 0.19t AGC/ha and 1.95t AGC/ha were obtained from disturbed, semi-disturbed and undisturbed categories respectively