Abstract:
A green perspective based on the reuse of waste materials such as waste cooking oils (WCOs)
and Endod (Phytolacca dodecandra) to manufacture soap is presented. Soap is made by a
saponification process that uses an alkaline solution to react with triglycerides containing fats
and oils. This study aims to produce quality and eco-friendly viable soaps by using WCO and
Endod as raw materials in the manufacturing process. Laundry soaps were made by the
optimized blending ratio of WCO and Endod with sodium hydroxide solution. The cleansing
actions and Physico-chemical properties of prepared soap were evaluated. The non-fried and
fried raw oil soaps without Endod were used as a reference control. The free caustic content,
chloride content, moisture content, ethanol-insoluble-matter, total fatty matter, pH, and foam
height values of the prepared soap were found to be in the range of 0 to 0.004, 0%, 16.56 to
22.52%, 0.1 to3.05%, 63.41 to 75.46%, 9.22 to 9.82%, and 3.3 to 8.1 cm respectively. The
results obtained by blending fried WCOs and Endod were comparable to the Physico-chemical
properties of the Endod-free uncooked/fresh oil soap. The soap made by blending WCO and
Endod has higher cleansing power and better lather formation than the prepared soap with WCO
without Endod. Moreover, the observed data are comparable with similar data reported in
different literature, recommended acceptable standards (EAS, CES), and from many countries
including the British, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Cooking oils fried at different temperatures
do not have much effect on the quality of soap making. This suggested that the blending of
WCOs and Endod can be used as raw materials to prepare high-quality and economically
feasible soaps by replacing imported oils and fats
