Abstract:
In the present study, biosynthesis of sulfonated carbon acid catalyst from brewery spent grain through
carbonation process followed by sulphonation method used for production of epoxy oil from Croton macro stachyus seed oil in presence of acetic acid as oxygen carrier and hydrogen peroxide as oxygen donor in the
epoxidation reaction. Thermogravimetric, X-ray diffractometer, elemental analysis, scanning electron micro scope, and FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) were used to characterized the synthesized sulfo nated carbon catalyst. The result confirmed the catalyst can be used effectively for epoxidation of Croton
macrostachyus seed oil. The influence of four independent variables for epoxidation reaction on the selectivity of
epoxy was analyzed by response surface methodology. The maximum relative selectivity of 99.84% was obtained
at a 65 ◦C reaction temperature of, 2:1 ratio of hydrogen peroxide to double bond of oil, 4% of sulfonated carbon
acid catalyst, and 5 h of epoxidation reaction time. 1
HNMR spectra showed the presence of epoxide ring
appeared in range of 2.75–2.98 ppm and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy spectra detected epoxy ring
group at wave number of 828.5 and 1237–1251 cm− 1 . Thus, epoxidized Croton macrostachyus seed oil is
renewable material that can be replaces petrochemical resources.
