Ultrasonic supported oil extraction, process modeling, and optimization by response surface methodology tool from Croton Macrostachyus leaf

Abstract

The present study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used to extract Croton macrostachyus leaf oil, which enhances the rate of reaction and temperature in a shorter length of time while also ensuring the highest oil recovery. Through response surface methodology (RSM), the infuence of sonication temperature (35–45 °C), sonication time (25–35 min), ultrasound power (250–550 W), and percentage of solid-to-solvent ratio (10–20%) on the oil yield was investigated. The optimal condi tions of Croton macrostachyus leaf oil were found to be 42 °C of temperature, 30.61 min of sonication time, 425.79 W of ultrasound power, and 18% (w/v) of solid to solvent. Under these circumstances, the optimum extraction efciency of oil was found as 38.63% with a desirability value of 1.00. In general, these fndings suggest that Croton macrostachyus leaf can be explored as a promising alternative source of oil and new biodiesel feedstock.