Abstract:
Bone is heterogeneous and anisotropic because its mechanical characteristics vary by anatomic location and
loading direction. Previous research established a correlation between bone density, mineral, organic content,
and porosity and mechanical qualities. Medical and bioengineering researchers can learn about bone hetero
geneity and anisotropy by analysing bone density and later composition parameters across the bone diaphysis in
both longitudinal and transverse orientations. This research examines bone density and composition parameters
in bovine femoral cortical bone from higher, middle, and lower diaphysis regions and longitudinal and transverse
orientations. At three homogeneous diaphysis sites, these properties did not alter in longitudinal or transverse
orientations. At the upper and lower diaphysis locations, mineral and organic content were statistically different
in both longitudinal and transverse orientations, contributing to anisotropy. At the middle location, all measured
parameters were not statistically different. Transverse bone density and water heterogeneity were greater, while
longitudinal values were higher for the other metrics. Upper and lower sites had increased bone variability due to
%water, although mineral content was more homogenous. The longitudinal and transverse organic content and
apparent density heterogeneity was greater at the middle position. At the later site, bone density and mineral
content were more homogenous longitudinally and transversely. Lamellar bone microstructure with canalicular/
vascular network, cavities, and holes contributed to bone materials’ %water content. Collagen fibres contributed
to bone material’s organic composition, whereas intrafibrillar and extra fibrillar minerals contributed to its
mineral content.
