Diversity, Distribution and Relative Abundance of Wetland Birds in Chebera Churchura National Park, Ethiopia

Abstract

Wetlands provide critical habitats for a wide range of bird species, playing a significant role in biodiversity conservation. This study examines the spatial distribution, relative abundance seasonal variation, and conservation status of wetland birds in Chebera Churchura National Park, Ethiopia. Five wetlands namely Meqa, Biqamo, Mesfine, Chefe-2, and Chefe-1 were surveyed in this study. To identify birds along the five wetland habitats, data were collected using direct observation on a predetermined line transect where all birds seen were recorded Data was collected during wet seasons (June to July 2024) and dry season from February to March 2024 and November to December 2025 for a total of 40 days (10 days per month for wet and dry season). A total of 30 bird species from 13 families were recorded from selected site, with significant seasonal fluctuations in abundance. The Shannon Diversity Index increased slightly during the wet season, with Meqa Wetland rising from 3.17 to 3.30, reflecting higher species diversity. Mean bird abundance also varied significantly, with Meqa Wetland increasing from 7.667 individuals per species in the dry season to 12.167 in the wet season, while Chefe-1 wetland declined from 5.300 to 3.033. Bird populations increased markedly during the wet season, with Meqa Wetland rising from 230 to 365 individuals and Biqamo Wetland from 225 to 273, driven by improved food availability and nesting conditions. In contrast, Chefe-1 wetland showed a sharp decline from 159 individuals in the dry season to 91 in the wet season, likely due to localized habitat disturbances. Two Near Threatened species, the migratory Curlew Sandpiper (Calidris ferruginea) and the near endemic Wattled Ibis (Bostrychia carunculata), were identified, underscoring the need for targeted conservation efforts. These findings highlight the ecological importance of wetlands for both resident and migratory birds, emphasizing the need for habitat protection, community-based conservation, and long-term monitoring to address threats such as habitat degradation and climate change. The study provides critical insights for wetland management and avian biodiversity conservation in the study area.