Abstract:
Biodiesel is a promising renewable energy source, that holds potential for replacing conventional
fuels with reduced environmental impact. In this study, biodiesel is produced via a
transesterification process from castor seed oil extracted by the Soxhlet extraction method. The
transesterification process employed a calcium oxide nano-catalyst synthesized from eggshell
waste. Optimization of process parameters through Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
considers temperature (40°C, 50°C, 60°C), reaction time (60 minutes, 75 minutes, 90 minutes),
catalyst load (1%, 1.5%, 2), and methanol to oil ratio (1:6, 1:9, 1:12) at three levels for each.
Experimental results validate RSM predictions, achieving a 97% biodiesel yield under optimal
conditions (60°C temperature, 75-minute reaction time, 1.5% catalyst loading, and 1:9 oil-to methanol ratios). The research extends to the purification process, employing micro membrane
filtration with varying pore sizes (0.1 µm, 0.22 µm, and 0.45 µm) to minimize water usage and
environmental impact. Physiochemical properties of biodiesel: density (0.9138g/ml), FFA
(0.0.356 ± 0.11%), saponification value (180.52mg KOH g/g oil), Heating value (41.063MJ/kg),
and Iodine value (80.52 g of I2
/ 100g of fuel) are aligned with fuel properties. Analytical
techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass
Spectrometry, reveal promising chemical characteristics, with saturated, polyunsaturated, and
monounsaturated components at 2.59%, 4.80%, and 92.61%, respectively. Aspen HYSYS
simulation enhances the understanding of the entire biodiesel production process. Therefore, this
study leverages Aspen HYSYS software for simulating the biodiesel production process while
employing Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimize key process conditions. Additionally,
the research assesses the effectiveness of micro membrane filtration in purifying biodiesel, offering
valuable insights into its selectivity and permeability. These findings contribute to the development
of sustainable and environmentally friendly fuel production practices, marking a significant stride
towards cleaner energy alternatives.
